This last sequence with the Requiem has much more movement in it than the first two, and it transitions directly into the music from Ligeti's Atmosphères which is heard when Bowman actually enters the Star Gate. The second is the monolith's discovery on the Moon, and the third is Bowman's approach to it around Jupiter just before he enters the Star Gate. The first is its encounter with apes just before the Zarathustra-accompanied ape discovery of the tool. The Kyrie section of Ligeti's Requiem is heard three times, all of them during appearances of the monolith. Other music used is Ligeti's Lux Aeterna, the second movement of his Requiem and an electronically altered form of his Aventures, the last of which was also used without Ligeti's permission and is not listed in the film's credits. Ligeti admired Kubrick's film but, in addition to being irritated by Kubrick's failure to obtain permission directly from him, he was offended that his music was used in a film soundtrack shared by composers Johann Strauss II and Richard Strauss. This technique was pioneered in Atmosphères, the only Ligeti piece heard in its entirety in the film. In addition to the majestic yet fairly traditional compositions by the two Strausses (not related) and Khachaturian, Kubrick used four highly modernistic compositions by György Ligeti that employ micropolyphony, the use of sustained dissonant chords that shift slowly over time. A segment of the piece is also used in the closing credits.Īdagio from Aram Khachaturian's third Gayane ballet suite is heard during the sections that introduce Bowman and Poole aboard the Discovery, conveying a somewhat lonely and mournful quality.
This is the result of the association that Kubrick made between the spinning motion of the satellites and the dancers of waltzes.
Zarathustra thus acts as a bookend for the beginning and end of the film, and as a motif signifying evolutionary transformations, first from ape to man, then from man to Star-Child.Īlso memorable in the film is its use of parts of Johann Strauss II's best-known waltz, An der schönen blauen Donau ( By the beautiful Blue Danube, commonly known in English as The Blue Danube), during two intricate and extended space travel sequences: a PanAm space plane docking at Space Station V, and a lunar landing. It is subsequently heard when an ape first learns to use a tool, and when Bowman is transformed into the Star-Child at the end of the film. The piece is first heard in the opening title which juxtaposes the Sun, Earth, and Moon. The use of Strauss's Zarathustra may be a reference to the theme of mankind's eventual replacement by overmen ( Übermenschen, not Untermenschen), in Nietzsche's book Thus Spoke Zarathustra.
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The film is notable for its innovative use of classical music taken from existing commercial recordings, in contrast to most feature films then and now, which are typically accompanied by elaborate film scores or songs written specially for them by professional composers.Ģ001 is particularly remembered for the use of the opening theme from the Richard Strauss tone poem Also sprach Zarathustra (usually translated as "Thus Spake Zarathustra" or "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" ), performed by the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Herbert von Karajan. Almost no music is heard during any scenes with dialogue. About half the music in the film appears either before the first line of dialogue or after the final line. Music įrom very early in production, Kubrick decided that he wanted the film to be a primarily nonverbal experience that did not rely on the traditional techniques of narrative cinema, and in which music would play a vital role in evoking particular moods. The soundtrack has been re-issued multiple times, including a digitally remastered version in 1996. The soundtrack is known for its use of many classical and orchestral pieces, and credited for giving many classical pieces resurgences in popularity, such as Johann Strauss II's 1866 Blue Danube Waltz, Richard Strauss' symphonic poem Also sprach Zarathustra, and György Ligeti's Atmosphères. 2001: A Space Odyssey is a soundtrack album to the film of the same name, released in 1968.
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